MS Access (в частности, Jet / ACE) требует скобок с несколькими объединениями. Попробуйте:
adsFormView.SelectCommand = _
" SELECT * FROM ([tableCourse] " & _
" INNER JOIN [tableGrade] " & _
" ON [tableCourse].[grading] = [tableGrade].[id]) " & _
" INNER JOIN [tableCourseType] " & _
" ON [tableCourse].[course_type] = [tableCourseType].[id] " & _
" WHERE [prefix]='" & myPrefix & "'" & _
" AND [course_number]='" & myCourseNum & "'"